Overview

When describing a generic or hypothetical person whose gender is irrelevant to the context of the usage, do not use gendered pronouns such as “he” and “she” or gendered pronoun combinations such as “he or she” as they assume gender; instead, use the singular “they” to be gender inclusive.  
 
When describing a specific person, use that person’s pronouns (e.g., “he,” “she,” “they,” “ze,” “xe”) (Conover et al., 2021). Ask the person for their pronouns rather than make assumptions.  
 
Also avoid gendered nouns when describing people who may be of any gender, as in the following examples: you guys, ladies and gentlemen, policeman, chairman, Congressman, and freshman (Brandeis University PARC, n.d.). Instead, use gender-inclusive nouns to describe people who may be of any gender, as in the following examples: 
  • Everyone
  • Folks
  • Folx
  • Friends
  • loved ones
  • Y’all
  • Distinguished guests 
  • Chair or Chairperson
  • Congressperson or Member of Congress
  • First-Year Student or First-Year​

Glossary of Gender-Related Terms

Cisgender | A term used to describe a person whose gender identity aligns with those typically associated with the sex assigned to them at birth. 
 
Gender | the socially constructed ideas about behavior, actions, and roles of a particular sex (APA, 2021b). 
 
Gender-exclusive language | terms that lump all people under masculine language or within the gender binary (man or woman), which does not include everyone.  
 
Gender identity | One’s innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither – how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves. One's gender identity can be the same or different from their sex assigned at birth. 
 
Gender non-conforming | A broad term referring to people who do not behave in a way that conforms to the traditional expectations of their gender, or whose gender expression does not fit neatly into a category. While many also identify as transgender, not all gender non-conforming people do. 
 
Genderqueer | Genderqueer people typically reject notions of static categories of gender and embrace a fluidity of gender identity and often, though not always, sexual orientation. People who identify as "genderqueer" may see themselves as being both male and female, neither male nor female or as falling completely outside these categories. 
 
Intersex | Intersex people are born with a variety of differences in their sex traits and reproductive anatomy. There is a wide variety of difference among intersex variations, including differences in genitalia, chromosomes, gonads, internal sex organs, hormone production, hormone response, and/or secondary sex traits. 
 
Gender binary | A system in which gender is constructed into two strict categories of male or female. Gender identity is expected to align with the sex assigned at birth and gender expressions and roles fit traditional expectations. 

Gender dysphoria | Clinically significant distress caused when a person's assigned birth gender is not the same as the one with which they identify. 
 
Gender-expansive | A person with a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender system. Often used as an umbrella term when referring to young people still exploring the possibilities of their gender expression and/or gender identity. 
 
Gender expression | External appearance of one's gender identity, usually expressed through behavior, clothing, body characteristics or voice, and which may or may not conform to socially defined behaviors and characteristics typically associated with being either masculine or feminine. 
 
Gender-fluid | A person who does not identify with a single fixed gender or has a fluid or unfixed gender identity. 
 
Non-binary | An adjective describing a person who does not identify exclusively as a man or a woman. Non-binary people may identify as being both a man and a woman, somewhere in between, or as falling completely outside these categories. While many also identify as transgender, not all non-binary people do. Non-binary can also be used as an umbrella term encompassing identities such as agender, bigender, genderqueer or gender-fluid. 

Sex assigned at birth | The sex, male, female or intersex, that a doctor or midwife uses to describe a child at birth based on their external anatomy. 
 
Transgender | An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression is different from cultural expectations based on the sex they were assigned at birth. Being transgender does not imply any specific sexual orientation. Therefore, transgender people may identify as straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual, etc. 

Transitioning | A series of processes that some transgender people may undergo in order to live more fully as their true gender. This typically includes social transition, such as changing name and pronouns, medical transition, which may include hormone therapy or gender affirming surgeries, and legal transition, which may include changing legal name and sex on government identity documents. Transgender people may choose to undergo some, all or none of these processes. 

What to Say and What Not to Say

Say This Not This Here's Why 
Assigned sex 
Sex assigned at birth 
Birth sex 
Natal sex 
An individual does not always identify with their sex assigned to them 
Assigned female at birth (AFAB) 
Assigned male at birth (AMAB) 
Born a girl, born female 
Born a boy, born male 
An individual does not always identify with their sex assigned to them 
IntersexTransgendered 
Transsexual (unless being used medically)
These terms are outdated or considered slurs. 
Transgender people 
Trans, nonbinary, folks, folx 
Genderqueer  
Transgendered 
Transsexual (unless being used medically) 
These terms are outdated or considered slurs. 
Gender-affirming surgery, top surgery, bottom surgerySex changeThese surgeries relate to affirming a person's gender, rather than changing their sex.
Another gender 
Mixed gender couples 
Oppositive gender 
Opposite gender couples 
The word “opposite" implies strong differences between two sexes or genders; however, there are more similarities than differences among people of different genders or sexes (see, e.g., Zell et al., 2015). 
PronounsPreferred pronounsSomeone's identity is not preferred - it's their identity.​